INGLÉS IV

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Último examen de Inglés IV
(Tercera evaluación)

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BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

By: Gliceria "Chela" Gil.

Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 17, 1.706. He was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, musician, inventor, satirist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. 

Franklin gained international renown as a scientist for his famous experiments in electricity and for his many inventions, especially the lightning rod. He also invented the bifocals, the Franklin stove and the glass “harmonica”. He formed both the first public lending library in America and the fist fire department in Pennsylvania. 

Franklin earned the title of “The First American” for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity; as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies, then as the first United State Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation. 

Franklin became a successful newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies. He was also partners with William Goddard and Joseph Galloway the tree of whom published the Pennsylvania Chronicle, a newspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of the British monarchy in the American colonies. 

He played a major role in establishing the University of Pennsylvania and was elected the first president of American Philosophical Society.

From 1785 to 1788, he served as governor of Pennsylvania. Toward de end of his life, he freed his slaves and became one of the most prominent abolitionists.

His colorful life and legacy of scientific and political achievement and status as one of America´s most influential Founding Fathers, have seen Franklin honored on coinage and money, warships, the name of many towns, counties, educational institutions, namesakes, and companies ; and more than two centuries after his death countless cultural references. 

He attended Boston Latin School, but did not graduate; he continued his education through voracious reading. At the age 12 he became an apprentice to his brother James, a printer, who thought Ben the printing trade. When Ben was 15, James founded The New England Courant, which was the first truly independent newspaper in the colonies. 

At age 17, Franklin ran away to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, seeking a new start in a new city. When he first arrived he worked in several printer shops around town. After a few months, while working in a printing house, Franklin was convinced by Pennsylvania Governor Sir William Keith to go to London, ostensibly to acquire the equipment necessary for establishing another newspaper in Pennsylvania. 

In 1728, Franklin had set up a printing house in partnership with Hugh Meredith and the following year became the publisher of a newspaper called The Pennsylvania Gazette.

 In 1733, Franklin began to publish the famous Poor Richard´s Almanac (with content both original and borrowed) under the pseudonym Richard Saunders on which much of his popular reputation is based. He sold about ten thousand copies per year (a circulation equivalent to nearly three million today). 

In recognition of his work with electricity, Franklin received the Royal Society´s Copley Medal in 1753 and in 1756 he became one of the few 18th century Americans to be elected as a Fellow of Society. 

Franklin is known to have played the violin, the harp, and the guitar. He also composed music, notably a string quartet in early classical style. Franklin was an avid chess player. He was playing chess by around 1733, making him the first chess player known by name in the American colonies. 

On July 26, 1775, the Second Continental Congress established the United States Post Office and named Benjamin Franklin as the first United States Postmaster General. Benjamin Franklin is a prominent figure in American history comparable to Washington, Jefferson and Lincoln and as such he has been honored un US Postage stamps many times. The image of Franklin occurs on the face of U.S. Postage more than any other notable American, save that of George Washington. 

Franklin died on April 17, 1790, at age 84. Approximately 20,000 people attended his funeral. He was interred in Christ Church Burial Ground in Philadelphia.

Franklin was a signer of both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. His pervasive influence in the early history of the United States has led to him being jocularly called “the only President of the United States who was never President of the United States”.  

His face is seen in American 100 bills, which are sometimes referred to in slang as “Benjamins” or “Franklins”. The city of Philadelphia contains around 5,000 likenesses of Benjamin Franklin, about half of which are located on the University of Pennsylvania campus. Philadelphia´s Benjamin Franklin Parkway and Benjamin Franklin Bridge (The first major bridge to connect Philadelphia with New Jersey) are named in his honor.   

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VOCABULARY

UNIVERSIDAD SANTA MARÍA

ESCUELA DE COMUNICACIÓN SOCIAL

PROF. GLICERIA GIL

TRANSLATED BY: GABRIEL RODRÍGUEZ

VOCABULARY

Advertisement: Anuncio. 

Article: Artículo. 

Art show: Exposición de arte. 

Anchorperson: Ancla o gancho (Quien capta la atención) 

Broadcast: Emisión. Transmisión. 

Broadsheet: Periódico estándar (El Nacional, El Universal). 

Close shot/up: Primer plano. Plano cercano. 

Dolly in/back: Cámara entra y cámara sale, sobre riel.
Edition: Edición. 

Editor: Editor. 

Editor in chief: Jefe de Redacción. 

Entertaining: Entretenimiento. 

Fade in/out: Desaparecer (Ejemplo: sueños en las películas). 

Forward: Adelantar cinta. 

First page/Front page: Primera plana. Portada. 

Full shot: Plano completo. Toma completa. 

Guideline: Pauta. 

Headline: Titular. Cabecera. 

Last page: Última página. Contraportada. 

Lead: Entradilla. 

Location: Lugar donde se filma. 

Mass Media: Medios masivos de comunicación. 

Medium shot: Plano medio. 

Message: Mensaje. 

Microphone: Micrófono. 

Motion picture: Película. 

Network: Circuito. Cadena. Red. 

Newscaster: Presentador. Moderador. 

Panning: Paneo (Movimiento de cámara) Ej. La ola en los estadios. 

Performance: Representación. Puesta en escena. Perfil. 

Producer: Productor. 

Reporter: Reportero. 

Rewind: Rebobinar. 

Scan: Escanear. Buscar de modo minucioso. 

Scene: Escena. 

Screen: Pantalla. 

Screen saver: Salvapantallas. 

Script: Guión. 

Scriptwriter: Guionista. 

Source: Fuente. 

Spectator: Espectador. 

Storyboard: Pizarra de bocetos del director.
Speaker: Orador. Locutor. 
Spotlight: Centro de atención. 

Tabloid: Formato de periódico (El Tiempo, El Norte, NPO). 

Tape recorder: Grabador/a (aparato). 

Telecast: Transmisión televisiva. 

Truth: Verdad. 

Underline: Subrayar. 

Well made: Bien hecho. 

Whatever: Lo que sea. 

Whenever: Cuando quiera. Cuando sea. 

Wherever: Donde quiera. Donde sea. 

Whichever: Cualquiera. Cualquier. 

Wireless: Inalámbrico. 

Writing room / Newsroom: Sala de redacción. 

Zoom in/out: Alejar o acercar a través del lente de una cámara.

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BENJAMIN FRANKLIN / ENGLISH IV / BY: GLICERIA GIL

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THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Do you know where the English Language comes from?

The history of English begins a little after A.D. 600. The language of the ancestors was a part of Germanic branch of Indo-European family. The people talking this language spread to the northern coast of Europe in the time of Roman Empire. Among these people the tribes called Angels, Saxons and Jutes which are called Anglo-Saxons come to England. These Germanic dialects eventually formed what is called Old English. Latin affected the language with the merchants traveling the tribes.

Many important changes took place between 1.100-1.200 in the structure of Old English. The Norman Conquest of England profoundly influenced the evolution of the language. This influence gave rise to what is referred to as Middle English.

During the 15^th century, Middle English was transformed by the Great Vowel Shift. This change and the invention of the printing that was introduced to England by William Caxton in 1.475 produced the basic differences between Middle English and Modern English.

After this books became cheaper and cheaper. More people learned to read and write and advanced in communication.

English is the first language for most people in Australia, Canada, the Caribbean Commonwealth, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States of America, and the dominant international language in communication, science, business, aviation, entertainment, radio and diplomacy. Over 309 million people speak English as their first language.

A working knowledge of English is required in certain fields, professions, and occupations. As a result over a billion people speak English at least basic level. English is one of the six official languages in the United Nations.

English today is the third largest language by number of native speakers after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish.

One of those nations where English is spoken as a second language is India. It has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world. Following India is the People’s Republic of China.

As English is so widely spoken, it has often been referred to as a “global language”. It is currently the most often taught language as a second one around the world. It is by international treaty the official language for aerial and maritime communication, as well as one of the official languages of the European Union, the United Nations, and most international athletic organizations, including the International Olympic Committee.

William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Early Modern English period and the world’s preeminent dramatist. His first poem entered in 1593 was Venus and Adonis,

He wrote mainly tragedies as Hamlet, King Lear and Macbeth. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy. It was among Shakespeare’s most popular plays during his lifetime, and along with Hamlet is one of the most frequently performed plays. Its influence is still seen today with the two characters being usually represented as archetypal young lovers.

William died April 23^rd 1616. Academics study his work when studying English literature. His plays are still performed in theaters all over the world.    

Gliceria Gil

(English teacher)

*** TRADUCCIÓN ***

Por: Gabriel Rodríguez @gabogeno

ORIGEN DEL IDIOMA INGLÉS

¿Sabes de dónde viene el idioma inglés?

     La historia del inglés comienza poco luego del año 600 D.C. El idioma de los ancestros fue una parte de la rama germánica de la familia indoeuropea. La gente que hablaba esta lengua se esparció por la costa septentrional de Europa en la época del imperio romano. Entre estas personas, las tribus Anglos, Sajones y Jutos, las cuales fueron llamadas anglosajones, van a Inglaterra. Estos dialectos germánicos finalmente formaron lo que llamaron inglés antiguo. El latín afectó el idioma con los mercaderes que viajaban por las tribus.

Muchos cambios importantes tuvieron lugar entre 1100 y 1200 en la estructura del inglés antiguo. La Conquista Normanda de Inglaterra influyó profundamente en la evolución de la lengua. Esta influencia dio lugar a lo que se conoce como el inglés medio.

Durante el siglo XV, el inglés medio fue transformado por El Gran Cambio de las Vocales. Este cambio y la invención de la imprenta, la cual fue introducida a Inglaterra por William Caxton en 1475, produjeron diferencias básicas entre el inglés medio y el inglés moderno. 

Después de esto, los libros se hicieron cada vez más baratos. Más gente aprendió a leer y a escribir, y avanzaron en cuanto a comunicación.

El inglés es el idioma nativo hablado por más personas en Australia, Canadá, la Comunidad del Caribe, Irlanda, Nueva Zelanda, Reino Unido y Estados Unidos de América, y el idioma internacional dominante en comunicación, ciencia, negocios, aviación, entretenimiento, radio y diplomacia. Más de 309 millones de personas hablan inglés como su primera lengua.

Un conocimiento básico del inglés es requerido en ciertos campos, profesiones y ocupaciones. Como resultado, más de mil millones de personas hablan inglés, al menos nivel básico. El inglés es  uno de los seis idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas (árabe, chino mandarín, español, francés, inglés y ruso).

Hoy en día, el inglés es la tercera lengua más grande por el número de hablantes nativos después del chino mandarín y español.

Una de esas naciones en donde el inglés es hablado como segunda lengua es India. Tiene más gente que habla o entiende inglés que cualquier otro país en el mundo. Seguidamente de India está la República Popular China.

Como el inglés es tan ampliamente hablado, a menudo se le ha referido como un "lenguaje global". En la actualidad, es el idioma que se enseña con más frecuencia como segunda lengua en todo el mundo. Es por convenio internacional la lengua oficial para la comunicación aérea y marítima, así como una de las lenguas oficiales de la Unión Europea, las Naciones Unidas, y la mayoría de las organizaciones atléticas internacionales, incluyendo el Comité Olímpico Internacional.

William Shakespeare fue un poeta y dramaturgo inglés considerado ampliamente como el escritor más grande del período temprano del inglés moderno y el dramaturgo más preeminente del mundo.  Su primer poema, publicado en 1593, fue Venus y Adonis.

Él escribió principalmente tragedias como Hamlet, El Rey Lear y Macbeth. Romeo y Julieta es una tragedia. Estaba entre las más populares obras de Shakespeare durante su vida, y junto a Hamlet, es una de las obras puestas en escena con más frecuencia. Hoy día, todavía su influencia es vista con los dos personajes que se representan generalmente como arquetipo de jóvenes amantes.

William murió el 23 de abril de 1616. Los académicos estudian su trabajo al estudiar literatura inglesa. Sus obras se siguen realizando en los teatros de todo el mundo.                            

***HOJA DE REPASO CLASE 15/06/17***

Por: Gabriel Rodríguez @gabogeno

***PRIMERA EVALUACIÓN INGLÉS IV (19)***

Por: Gabriel Rodríguez @gabogeno